The Reader Essay Example For Students

The Reader Essay Memory is a powerful concept. Often when an individual undergoes a traumatic situation, the ramifications of these actions seep into an individualfs psyche unknowingly. In effect this passes through memory and becomes sub-consciously buried within a personfs behavioural patterns generally. The Reader by Bernhard Schlink explores the concept of a young mans subconscious desire for a woman whom he gcanft remember to forgeth (1Memento) as she is so deeply inlaid within his soul. Critically acclaimed as gA formally beautiful, disturbing, and finally morally devastating novel. From the first pagec it ensnares both heart and mindh ( Los Angeles Times), the novel tells the story of a young boy, 15, Michael Berg, through his own interior narration. He finds himself emotionally and sexually attached to a woman of over twice his age, Hanna Schmitz. She then breaks his heart by deserting him. Michael is emotionally torn by this incident and consequently develops a subconscious obsession with her. We will write a custom essay on The Reader specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Years after the mysterious disappearance of Hanna, Michael marries a woman named Gertrude. gGertrude was smart, efficient, and loyalh (3p 171) yet she never fulfilled Michael in the same way as Hanna had previously. Unknowingly he drove her away through his constant comparisons and dissatisfaction that Gertrude could not be the woman he wanted. gI could never stop comparing the way it was with Gertrude and the way it had been with Hanna; again and again, Gertrude and I would hold each other, and I would feel that something was wrong, that she was wrong, that she moved wrong and felt wrong, smelled wrong and tasted wrong.h (p 171) In his relationship with Gertrude, Michael cannot remember to forget Hanna as, at the time, he doesnft realise but subconsciously he is comparing the two and sabotaging his relationship. In the unconscious state, dreams are the purest form of truth into a personfs subconscious. In Michaelfs dreams he physically yearns for Hannafs presence. gIt took a while before my body stopped yearning for hers; sometimes I myself was aware of my arms and legs groping for her in my sleep, and my brother reported more than once at table that I called out eHannaf in the nighth (p 85). The helpless nature of Michaels actions show how much Hanna has affected his subconscious and although he is made aware of his actions, his physical dependence comes from the deep scaring within him. On another occasion, after Hannafs death, it is documented that Michael once again subconsciously desires her presence. Michael dreams of Hanna while travelling through the countryside to bid Hannafs final wishes. gI dreamed of Hanna and myself in a house in the autumn-blazed hills that were lining our route. Hanna was older than when I had met her and younger than when I had met her again, older than me, m ore attractive than in earlier years, more relaxed in her movements with age, more at home in her own body. I saw her getting out of the car and picking up shopping bags, saw her going through the garden into the house, saw her set down the bags and go upstairs ahead of me. My longing for Hanna became so strong that it hurt. I struggled against the longing, argued that it went against Hannafs and my reality, the reality of our ages, the reality of our circumstancesh. The interior narration here allows the focus to hold a contemplative and introspective view of Michaels thought patterns. He remembers his dreams and notes them as being irrational and beyond all reason of reality, yet he finds himself yearning for her still. Hanna has had such an impact on Michaels emotional memory that, as much as Michael tries to occupy his mind in order to forget her, he just cant. Hanna is imbedded into his psyche and therefore rendering him completely powerless to her influential force that emerges within him, subconsciously. .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b , .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b .postImageUrl , .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b , .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b:hover , .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b:visited , .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b:active { border:0!important; } .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b:active , .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5a6f2609f865faf7628ac51502c5e86b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Physics Persuasive EssayAnother issue developed within the novel is the idea of the affect of the war with the German society. The people of Germany cannot manage to forget the horrific actions that occurred during WWII, as with Michaels link to Hanna, because the events were so tragic that they are imprinted on the subconscious minds of every member of society. They try to forget the past yet their intentions are thwarted by the power of their memories and the affect they have had on them mentally and sometimes physically. An example of this in the novel is Hannafs festering guilt about her cruel and unethical acts towards the Jewish women and children that were in her ca re. The climax of the novel sees Hannafs desperation to rid herself from these memories as she commits suicide. Before her death, Hanna speaks to Michael about the lingering spirits of the dead that haunt her soul, gThey came every night, whether I wanted them or noth (p 197). Hanna accepts her sins and seeks forgiveness from the spirits of those whom she acted so unjustly towards yet they do not grant her, her wish and do not leave her alone. They come every night, just as the memories subconsciously reside within her mind, never to leave. Hanna cannot remember to forget the horrific memories of her experiences during the 1940fs because they have become a part of her subconscious.

HATCHET essays

HATCHET essays His dad and mom were divored. The boy was on his way to see is dad. so he got in a plane. the ploit showed he to fly the plane . then the ploit had a heartattack he did not know how to fly a lot.than the plane ran out of gas then crased in a lake he got but not the ploit. so he swam to shore then he woke up and he was hungere ** so he went ot get berres he ate so much he was sick so he slept. then he had to build a shelter a fire but he did not have a matches so he did not have one so he went to bed. he woke up spear so he can get food. then he got food so he went to bed shelter so he fixed it.then he took his hatchet then he saw the tale of the plane so he built a boat to get in so did he saw the ploit in the back he saw a bag he grabed it slept he woke up transmitter flicked the switch but nothing haped so he made some food that was in the bag than a plane landed ...

Redesign Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Redesign Project - Essay Example Plainly speaking, typography can make or break your presentation, regardless of the medium or the message. Thanks to today’s computer and graphics technology, not only is there a multitude of typestyles available, but some programs allow users to create their own unique typestyle. This ability should be used with great restraint since too much of a good thing is, well, too much. Regardless of what style of type is selected by a designer or design team, it should be understood that the design of type, and even the overall design, should be more than just a passing judgment of the designer. When deciding on a format, it is important to determine what will work best with the target audience, not what the designer likes or dislikes personally. Every presentation of an ad, website or other medium should undergo an evaluation by a representative sample of publics that it is intended for. Unfortunately, due to time constraints and other factors, this step is often not taken. To better illustrate my points, I have selected two website home pages that I believe illustrate not only problems, but opportunities. First, I would like to consider is Pennsylvania’s Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/liheap/) From the moment I saw this website, I had to wonder how effective it was in serving its audience. First of all, we must consider who the intended audience is for the programs the website promotes, Although it is true that there is a general audience that it might serve, the first issue to me is the size of the type. The size seems to me to be too small to be seen by older people who are most likely to suffer from lower visual acuity. For this same reason, I am also leary of the color of the type in the center of the site. Another issue I have with the design of this website, is the applicability of

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Political science - Essay Example ilarly, this paper will also explain the similarities and differences in their own justification for disobedience, and in the manner in which each perceives disobedience to be necessary or beneficial in the circumstances. Sophocles’ Antigone argues that the unwritten and natural law supersedes any form of human law (â€Å"Sophocles Antigone 442 BC†, 2005), which means that the only source or basis of legitimate law is the unwritten and natural law; Antigone believes that duties to the gods are more essential than obedience of the state and law. She argues that she does not fear condemnation from men, but punishment from the gods by failing to honour her obligations to them, which oblige her to bury the dead and not to insult the gods by denying the dead a proper burial. Like Sophocles’ Antigone, Plato’s Socrates believes in a higher standard as the ultimate source of legitimate law, which is the gods. After he had been found guilty of poisoning the minds of young ones, Socrates declared without modesty that his teachings were the gods’ bidding, and that the city of Athens had thrived because of his service to the gods (DAmato, 1976). However, unlike Sophoclesâ€℠¢ Antigone who exclusively believes in one base of legitimate law, Plato’s Socrates also believes that the Athenian judicial system, a tribunal that dispensed justice according to the laws, was also a legitimate basis of law that should be respected; however, Socrates argues that his teachings had made Athens a better state. Sophocles’ Antigone argues that human laws undermine the unwritten and natural law especially because they do not honour the gods and family morals. Antigone gives honour and a principled responsibility to the gods and family equal weight in her defence since she does not want to offend the gods and to attract severe penalties from them (â€Å"Sophocles Antigone 442 BC†, 2005). Like Sophocles’ Antigone, Plato’s Socrates believes that in as much as the Athenian judicial

Organizational resources and establishing competitive advantage Essay

Organizational resources and establishing competitive advantage - Essay Example On the other hand, it has been made clear that not all organizations are able to effectively develop their resources. Also, the continuous increase of competition in the global market is a factor that can negatively influence the efforts of organizations to improve their position in the market using their resources and capabilities. It seems that in the long term, the transformation of organizational resources into a competitive advantage has to be carefully managed since the challenges in the internal and the external organizational environment are likely to be many; as the conditions in the organizational environment become more hostile, under the influence of the global market pressures, the support that an organization has to provide to its resources has to be increased, otherwise their chances to become a competitive advantage are significantly reduced. At this point, the following issue appears: how an organization can secure that its resources will become, even in the long ter m, competitive advantage? It seems that such prospect cannot be considered as guaranteed, especially in industries where competition is high. This issue is further analyzed in the sections that follow using the literature published in this field. 2. Organizational resources and their use for the establishment of competitive advantage 2.1 How an organization can establish competitive advantage from its resources The identification of the exact characteristics of competitive advantage in modern organizations is a challenging task. Researchers and theorists have tried to identify the criteria under which organizational resources can become competitive advantage, but the results of their studies seem to be contradictory. Most commonly, emphasis is given on the balance between the firm’s strengths and weaknesses, as the specific relationship can also affect the firm’s opportunities and threats. The interaction of the above sectors in the context of organizational growth is reflected in the SWOT analysis framework. The above framework is based on the view that firms that are likely to emphasize on their internal strengths and control their weaknesses are more able to face environmental threats, a fact that can help them to develop competitive advantage towards their rivals (Barney 1995). However, the terms under which the specific effort would be successful should be further explored. Indeed, even if effectively organizing its internal environment and if it tries to avoid major market risks, a firm has still to face the threat of an unexpected downturn if there are no other strategic alternatives in place, as for example strategic alliances with other firms that control an important share of the relevant industry. On the other hand, Peteraf (2006) noted that there are certain conditions that can increase the potentials of an organization to develop a competitive advantage. These conditions could be described as follows: ‘superior resources (heter ogeneity within an industry), ex post limits to competition, imperfect resource mobility, and ex ante limits to competition’ (Peteraf 2006, p.179). It is assumed that organizations that seek to develop a competitive advantage should focus on the particular conditions. This view can be criticized as of the lack of explanations regarding the potentials of these conditions to exist in all

India China Relations A Perspective History Essay

India China Relations A Perspective History Essay The Sino Indian boundary has never been formally delimited. Historically no treaty or agreement on Sino-Indian Boundary has ever been signed between the Chinese Central Government and the Indian Government. Zhou En Lai, 23 Jan 1959. General 1. China as an emerging power generates fear, concern and mistrust among the countries across the globe including the USA. Its rapid economic growth, fuelling an equally rapid military modernisation coupled with enhancing trans border capabilities has sent wake up calls, particularly to the United States, Japan and India.  [1]  China is following a two pronged strategy of reassuring its neighbours of its peaceful intentions, even while pressing ahead with huge military expenditure. Now that China stands poised to emerge as a global power, the international community is uncertain about Chinas intentions, despite all the peace rhetoric that emanates from its political leaders and state organs. 2. An analysis of Indias relations with the Peoples Republic of China today must take into account the historical perspective ,differences in the global situation, domestic policies and perceived national security interests which set the 1950s and 2000s apart. In view of the diversity and range of issues which have engaged India and China, the India-China relationship could be described as a very complex engagement. India China Relations : Pre 1947 Phase 3. Prior to the independence, the leaders of the national liberation movement of both the countries deeply sympathised with their respective popular struggles to put an end to colonialism. During the Japanese attack on Manchuria province of China in 1931, not only China Day was observed in India, but a call was also given by the Indian nationalists for boycott of Japanese goods. In July 1940, Mao Dezong had written to Jawahar Lal Nehru, The emancipation of the Indian people and the Chinese will be the signal of the emancipation of all the downtrodden and oppressed. Relations:  Post  Independence 4. Indias view of China was to a great extent shaped by Nehrus ability to persuade the Indian elite to try and take an objective view of both the positive and negative aspects of Chinese nationalism. Some major events post independence are listed below:- (a) Diplomatic Recognition. India diplomatically recognised the peoples Republic of China on December 30, 1949. (b) 1954 Accords. The relations between India and China in the 1950s were very cordial. In 1954, the Chinese Premier, Mr. Zou En Lai visited India which led to the signing of two Accords as follows:- (i) India recognised Tibet as an integral part of China and considered it to be an autonomous region of China. (ii) The declaration of Panchsheel in the Joint Communiquà ©. The Panchsheel enshrined the five principles as follows: (aa) Respect for Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity of all States. (ab) Non-aggression. (ac) Non-interference in Territorial affairs. (ad) Equality and Mutuality. (ae) Peaceful Co-existence 5. The Tibet Problem. Tibet was briefly conquered by Mongols in the thirteenth century but otherwise came under Manchu control only in the eighteenth century. The British regarded Tibet as a buffer state, and, in the Shimla Conference of 1913, recognised Chinese suzerainty, but not sovereignty, over Tibet. This was never accepted by any Chinese government, but they could do little about it. In 1950, the PLA invaded Tibet to integrate it into the Chinese State.  [2]  In 1954, India recognised Tibet as an integral part of China and China undertook to respect the religious and cultural traditions of the Tibetans. In 1959, a rebellion took place against Chinese rule in Tibet, and the Dalai Lama fled to India with his followers. This large-scale influx of Tibet refugees into India headed by the   Dalai Lama led to heightening of tensions. The Chinese regarded the hosting of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan refugees and the government in exile as an obstacle to India China relations. The   1962   Conflict 6. India claimed that the McMahon Line demarcating   the Indo China   border was an internationally   recognised   boundary.  [3]  The   Chinese policy centred on re-negotiations and   delineation   of borders   where   no   treaty or agreement   existed.   The   differing positions   on   the status of the boundary   laid   the basis of the conflict. The Chinese attacked in North Eastern Frontier Area (NEFA) and Ladakh beginning from 20 October 1962 and occupied about 5000 square miles of the Indian Territory. China declared a unilateral ceasefire on 10 November 1962 and withdrew behind the McMahon Line in the NEFA Sector. However, it gained about 3000 square kms of Indian Territory, though, according to Chinese version, it does not occupy even a single inch of Indian Territory. Instead it asserts that more than 90000 square kms of the Chinese territory is still under Indian occupation.In 1962,the Indian Parliament passed a resolution to wage a n unending struggle till the recovery of Indian territory from China and it also forbade cessation of any occupied territory to China as part of any settlement. Relations after the War 7. Because of Indias close relations with the Soviet Union and her leadership of the non aligned movement, China saw India as a political rival in the Third World and constantly tried to denigrate it in various forums. The assistance extended to the insurgents by China was considered a serious issue by India. The rebel Nagas were given training in arms and provided with weapons and funds to carry on armed rebellion in India. In June 1967, two Chinese embassy officials in Delhi were arrested for espionage. In September 1967, China attacked Indian position at Nathu La and in October attacked another position at Cho La. In April 1968, manipulations were done again at Nathu La. Beginning of the New Era 8. Mr Rajiv Gandhis visit to China in December 1988 marked a turning point in the normalisation of relations between the two countries  [4]  . During this visit, the two states formally agreed to put aside their past differences and to rebuild   their relations on the basis of the five principles of Panchsheel. Both sides agreed to settle the border issue through mutual consultations through Joint Working Group(JWG), consisting of military experts, cartographers and foreign policy officials and pledged to   maintain   peace and   tranquillity   on   the border while taking   other   confidence building measures. Intensified political interactions, regular institutionalised negotiations on all issues of bilateral interest under the Joint Working Group framework begun in 1989, and the deepening of trade and other ties laid the regime of confidence and security building between the two countries.In 1993, the then prime minister Mr. Narasimha Rao visited China and bot h the sides agreed to force reduction on the border. 9. China showed no response to Indias nuclear tests on 11 May 1998 but reacted sharply after May 13 tests, when Vajpayees letter to Clinton was made public. It asked India to give up the programme and join NPT. Chinas claimed that its security concern increased due to the tests and now it will have to cater for nuclear India also.There had been deterioration in Indo-China relations after the conduct of nuclear tests by India. China adopted a. brazenly.partisan.attitude by terming Indias nuclear tests as outrageous but describing Pakistans nuclear tests as only regrettable.  [5]   10. Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayees Visit to China (June 2003). The visit by the then prime minister has been labeled as a new turning point in Indo- China relations.During the visit both the countries issued a joint declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation Between India and China in the future. The declaration rolled out a road map for friendship and cooperation. The key issues of the declaration are as under :- (a) Boundary Issue. The two sides agreed to appoint a Special Representative to explore from the political perspective of the overall bilateral relationship for the framework of a boundary settlement. India and China agreed to a three phase settlement of the border dispute as under:- (i) Phase I. The agreement on the Guiding Principles to settle the border dispute. (ii) Phase -II. The special representatives of the two sides to construct a framework based on the guiding principles. (iii) Phase -III. Apply this framework on the ground in a single package deal involving give and take, which will be worked on a political basis by the Special Representatives. (b) Tibet. The Indian Side stated that it recognises Tibet as a part of China and reiterated that it does not allow .Tibetans to engage in anti China political. activities. 11. Reopening of the Nathu La (06 July 2006). The Nathu La Pass used to be a part of the ancient Silk Route, a vital trade link between India and China, prior to its closure in 1962. During the visit of the former Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee in 2003 China recognised Sikkim as a constituent of India and signed a MoU to resume trade .Nathu La Pass reopened after 44 Years on 06 July 2006 when India and China formally inaugurated trade through the Nathu La Pass, linking Sikkim and the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR).  [6]  At present the border trade is limited to the border zone and the export list is restricted to 29 items of export for India and 15 items of export for China. 12. Chinese Prime Ministers Visit to India. The Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited India for three days with a 400 strong Chinese business delegation in December 2010. Indian and Chinese business institutions signed 50 deals worth $16 billion surpassing the $10 billion worth of agreements signed during the visit to US President Barack Obama in November 2010. Pending resolution of the stapled visa issue, for the first time India refused to include in the Joint Statement references to Chinese sovereignty in Tibet and One China that had been part of the past three summit level declarations. 13. India China Strategic and Economic Dialogue. The agreement to initiate the Strategic and Economic Dialogue (SED) was taken during the Chinese Premier Wen Jiabaos visit to India in December 2010.The first ever Strategic Economic Dialogue (SED) was held in Beijing on 26 September 2011.The objective of setting up the SED was to increase coordination on macro economic policies and to provide a platform for both countries to leverage common interests and shared developmental experiences. 14. Annual Defence Dialogue. The Annual Defence Dialogue (ADD) has added a positive note to Indo-China relations. The defence.dialogue was established under. the provisions. of the MoU for Exchanges and Cooperation in the field of Defence, signed between India and China in 2006. The first Annual Defence Dialogue was held in Beijing in 2007 followed by the second in Indian in 2008. The third meeting was held in Beijing in 2010. India and China held the Annual Defence Dialogue (ADD) in New Delhi on 09 December 2011. 15. Indias External Affairs Ministers Visit to China. Indias External Affairs Minister S.M. Krishna visited China on 08 February 2012. He inaugurated Indias new $10 million embassy, which was described as a new page in ties with China. India and China stressed for a flexible and imaginative approach in 2012 to bilateral relations to minimise the effect of persisting political irritants, like the border dispute and Tibet. According to Mr. Krishna, it was the Government of Indias position that the Tibet Autonomous Region was part of the Peoples Republic of China, and as a result of that India was dealing with the internal affairs of China and India would be very cautious.The Chinese Government appreciated the firm support of the Indian Government over the Tibet issue. Both the countries decided to mark 2012 as the year of Friendship and Cooperation. CURRENT MAJOR IRRITANTS IN INDIA-CHINA RELATIONS 16. Relations between India and China have improved considerably in the last nine to ten years. However, normalisation does not imply that divergences in the strategic perceptions between the two have suddenly converged or that conflicts of interests and differences of opinion on a range of issues have disappeared. Despite an improvement in India China relations, a number of issues emerge as irritants. The   Boundary and Territorial   Dispute 17. Refer figure 1. The border dispute can be traced.back to the Shimla Conference of 1914. When. the representatives of British India, Tibet and China met. It was decided in the Conference. that Tibet was an autonomous country and the McMahon Line would be the boundary between India and Tibet though Chinese sovereignty of some sort would extend over Tibet. At the. conference the representatives of India and Tibet signed the agreement, China did not, thus disputing the McMahon Line.Therefore,the McMahon Line in the East and the boundary (Aksai Chin) along Ladakh in the West .remained a boundary by usage and understanding. The result was that the exact boundary was not demarcated, leading to border skirmishes in 1962 and the Chinese penetration into the .Sumdorang Chu Valley of Arunachal Pradesh in 1986. Figure 1 18. The Main issues of the Border Dispute are as under  [7]  :- (a) Arunachal Pradesh. China refuses to recognise Arunachal Pradesh as part of India. China claims 90,000 square kilometres as their territory whuch is almost the whole of Arunachal Pradesh , calling it South Tibet. The border dispute is the legacy of the British colonial rule. The boundary is now known in both India and China as the Line of Actual Control (LAC). (b) Aksai Chin. India accuses China of occupying 38,000 square kilometres in Jammu and Kashmir,in the Aksai Chin region, north east of Ladakh. (c) Trans-Karakoram Tract. Under the Sino-Pakistan Boundary agreement of 1963, Pakistan illegally ceded 5,180 sq km of Indian territory (Trans-Karakoram tract) to China. The transfer is disputed by India as it is part of Jammu and Kashmir. 19. Indias position. In the West the border should remain at the 1959 position thus implying that it does not recognise Chinese claim over Aksai Chin. The northern borders of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim correspond to the McMahon Line and hence the boundary. India also states that China is occupying Indian territory since the 1962 conflict and also that the territory west of Karakoram in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK) legally belongs to India and has been illegally ceded by Pakistan to China. 20. Chinas Position. China claims 90,000 sq km, which is almost the entire state of Arunachal Pradesh.Occupies 38,000 sq km, which is Aksai Chin in Kashmir. Occupies 5,000 sq km of Shaksgam valley ceded to it by Pakistan in June 1963 and does not recognise the McMohan Line. 21. Talks to Resolve the Border Dispute. The meeting of the experts from both sides laid foundation for a dialogue by the Sino-Indian Joint Working Group (JWG), the apex body negotiating the final settlement of the border dispute. The agreement on confidence building Measures (CBMs) signed during the visit by the Chinese President to India in 1997 reiterates. the determination. of both sides to seek a fair, and mutually acceptable settlement of the boundary question. In the year 2000 Maps of middle sector were exchanged. In 2003 the Special Representatives were appointed after the then Prime Minister Vajpayees China visit.on 11 April 2005.An agreement on political parameters and guiding principles was signed which spelt out the three main territorial disputes i.e. Arunachal Pradesh, Aksai Chin Region and Trans-Karakoram. 22. 15th Round of Border Talks. The 15th round of Border Talks was held in New Delhi on 16 and 17 January 2012. Indias Special Representative for the talks was the National Security Adviser (NSA) Shivshankar Menon and Chinas Special Representative was Dai Bingguo, State Councillor. The border talks are currently in the second stage of negotiations, which involves agreeing upon a framework to settle the dispute. The first stage was concluded with an agreement on political parameters and guiding principles in 2005. The third and final stage would involve the specifics of delineating the border. During the talks both sides agreed to set up a working mechanism on border management to deal with important affairs related to maintaining peace and tranquillity in the border areas. The agreement to establish the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on the India-China Border Affairs would. Undertake. Tasks. that are mutually.agreed upon by the two sides, but would .not discuss. resolution of the Boundary dispute. The Working Mechanism would study ways and means to strengthen. exchanges. and cooperation. between military. personnel and establishments of the two sides in the border areas and would be headed by a Joint Secretary-level officer from the Ministry of External Affairs and a Director General level officer from the Chinese Foreign Ministry and would also comprise diplomatic and military officials of the two sides. Chinas Infrastructure development Along the Border 23. Defence Minister A.K. Antony told the Rajya Sabha on 14 December 2011, that India has taken a serious note of Chinese infrastructure development in the border regions opposite India in Tibet and Xinjiang Autonomous Regions. The infrastructure development included the Qinghai-Tibet railway line, with proposed extension up to Xigze and Nyingchi besides roads and airport facilities. In response the Indian Government was giving careful and special attention to the development of infrastructure in the border areas opposite China to meet Indias strategic and security requirements. China Objection to Indian Defence Ministers Visit to Arunachal Pradesh 24. In February 2012, the Defence Minister Mr. A.K. Antony visited Arunachal Pradesh to mark the 25th anniversary of its Statehood. China called on India to refrain from taking any action that could complicate the border dispute. The Defence Minister emphasised that, like Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh was an integral part of India and as Defence Minister it was both his right and duty to visit the State and all other border States. Indias external affairs minister Mr S.M. Krishna said that Arunachal Pradesh was a part and parcel of India and all seven States in north-eastern India were part and parcel of India, and China had no rights to make adverse remarks on the Defence Ministers visit to Arunachal Pradesh. Chinas Development Activity in Pakistan occupied Kashmir  [8]   25. On 14 October 2009, India called upon China to stop developmental activities in areas illegally occupied by Pakistan.India was reacting to Chinas assurance to Pakistan of help in upgrading the Karakoram highway and building the Neelam-Jhelum hydro electric project in Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK). India noted that Pakistan had been illegally occupying parts of Jammu and Kashmir since 1947, and China was fully aware of Indias position and concerns about Chinese activities in PoK. India hoped that China would take a long term view of India-China relations and cease such activities in areas illegally occupied by Pakistan. Chinas presence in PoK has grown in recent years and it is currently involved in several infrastructure projects in the disputed region. 26. During the Russia-India-China Trilateral Summit in November 2010, Indian Foreign Minister S.M. Krishna told his Chinese counterpart Yang Jiechi that that just as India had been sensitive to its concerns over Tibet Autonomous Region and Taiwan, China too should be mindful of Indian sensitivities on Jammu and Kashmir. This was the first time India had drawn this parallel directly. The comparison was intended to emphasise the depth of Indias concerns over Chinese attempts to question the countrys sovereignty in Kashmir. 27. Chinas Stand. China said that it was a matter for India and Pakistan to resolve and that China had no reason to change its policies on Kashmir .The Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi said that China always believed that the problem of Jammu and Kashmir could only be resolved through dialogue and negotiations between India and Pakistan and that there was no need for China to change its policy. Sino-Pak Strategic Equation 28. Chinas elusive strategic equation with   Pakistan poses a hindrance to any substantive   improvement in   Indias   relations with China.The core of Sino-Pakistan ties comprises the transfer of military hardware and technology besides nuclear co-operation. Islamabad has been getting weapons at subsidised prices from China. The overt.and covert.military assistance by. China. to. Pakistan is the biggest impediment. in improving India-China relations. The Sino-Pakistan collusion in the nuclear field is seen as Chinas long term strategy in gaining supremacy over India. Status of Tibet and Dalai Lama 29. Despite the government of Indias acceptance of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet,  China   is still not satisfied. The main reason being that India has   given asylum   to Dalai Lama and has become a refuge for   disaffected Tibetans   fleeing   the country. China does   not   fully   accept Indias   stand that while India revered the Dalai Lama as a   Holy man and a spiritual leader, it would not allow him to engage   in any political activity on Indias soil. Beijing is suspicious of Indias continued willingness to host the Dalai Lama and his Tibetan Government in exile.  [9]  In November 2011, China postponed the 15th round of Border Talks with India over Dalai Lamas participation in a Buddhist conference that was scheduled to take place at the same time in New Delhi. China said that it was opposed to any country that provided a platform for the Dalai Lama and his anti-China activities. Issuing Stapled Visas to Indian Citizens Domiciled in Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh  [10]   30. In October 2009, it came to light that the Chinese embassy in New Delhi had begun issuing visas to Indian passport holders from Jammu and Kashmir on a separate sheet of paper rather than stamping them in their passports as is the case with other Indian citizens.China has also issued stapled visas to the handful of Indian passport holders from Arunachal Pradesh. Analysts point out that the separate sheet visas for Kashmiris was seen by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) as an attempt by China to question the status of Jammu and Kashmir. The immigration authorities were told to treat any visa that was not stamped on a passport as invalid for the purpose of travel. India asked China not to discriminate against visa applications filed by its nationals on grounds of domicile and ethnicity.In January 2011, China again issued stapled visas to two Indian sportsmen from Arunachal Pradesh. India again unequivocally conveyed to China that a uniform practice of issuance of visa to Indian nationals must be followed regardless of the applicants ethnicity or place of domicile. India strongly conveyed that it would not accept anything that questions the status of Jammu and Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh which were an integral part of India. On 06 January 2012, India cancelled the visit by a military delegation to China after one of its members, an Indian Air Force (IAF) officer from Arunachal Pradesh was denied visa by China. Bilateral Trade Imbalance in Favour of China 31. As the bilateral trade between India and China touched $60 billion in 2011, China enjoyed a trade surplus of $24 billion in 2011.The widening trade imbalance has been a source of concern, especially because trade has emerged as the key to bilateral relations amid persisting political uncertainties.The record trade imbalance has raised questions on the sustainability of the relationship.India has stressed that China should open up its economy for more exports from India. Indian exporters could explore getting access to Chinas markets in information technology, pharmaceuticals, agriculture and allied products.Both the countries have agreed to a strategic economic dialogue to enhance macro-economic policy coordination and address challenges in economic development and cooperation.China agreed to take measures to promote greater Indian exports to China with a view to reduce Indias trade deficit.China agreed to gradually resolve the problems faced in China by Indian pharmaceuticals, I nformation Technology and agricultural products. 32. Much diplomatic water has flowed under the bridge of Sino-Indian relations since 1962 and we need to take a pragmatic view of it. Such a view needs to be informed by an appreciation of the several common features that India and China share as civilisational entities which are trying to cope with modernisation of their traditional societies, on the one hand, and the process of integrating with the international system, on the other. China is not only an important civilisation out there, it is Indias largest neighbour right here.  [11]  Thus, there is a need for making independent assessments of Chinas capabilities and intentions rather than borrowed judgments made from different strategic viewpoints.

Prejudice in Heart of Darkness: Racism is a Relative Term Essay

Heart of Darkness: Racism is a Relative Term Racism is a relative term. While many people argue that Conrad's novel, Heart of Darkness, contains the theme of racism, they tend to ignore the fact that this novel was written around the turn of the century. During this time period it was accepted practice to think of a black man as savage because that was how the popular culture viewed the African American race. If someone called a black man "savage" today, that someone would be considered a racist. Of course, this turn of the century view of blacks is inexcusable but it was the accepted norm of the time. The problem is that modern critics tend to apply modern thinking to all novels, including those written in a specific time period with beliefs different from today. These critics do not incorporate the context of the novel and simply rage forward with a directed, ignorant viewpoint, arguing from a more civilized stance. The definition of a racist has changed a great deal since the early 1900s, and we must consider this when analy zing any piece of literature. The problem arises when modern thinkers assume that we must continue to build on our ever-expanding knowledge instead of looking into the past and trying to relate to the accepted views of the time. To try to see racist tendencies in a text we need to know the definition of racism. The definition we use today is as follows: A racist apprehends that th... ...), Heart of Darkness. London. Penguin Popular Classics (1994). Nationalencyklopedin 15 PAS-ROJ (1994), Engstrà ¶m, Christer (red.). Hà ¶ganà ¤s. Bokfà ¶rlaget Bra Bà ¶cker. Works Consulted Cox, C. B. Conrad: Heart of Darkness, Nostromo, and Under Western Eyes. London: Macmillan Education Ltd., 1987. Guetti, James. 'Heart of Darkness and the Failure of the Imagination', Sewanee Review LXXIII, No. 3 (Summer 1965), pp. 488-502. Ed. C. B. Cox. Watts, Cedric. A Preface to Conrad. Essex: Longman Group UK Limited, 1993. Notes: 1 Nationalencyklopedin 15 PAS-ROJ (1994), p. 431 2 Conrad, Joseph, Heart of Darkness (1902), p. 7 3 Conrad, Joseph, (1902), p.25 4 ibid, p. 73 5 ibid, p. 51

Baseline Report Anger Management as a Behavioral

They are on the floor in front of his bed and if he accidental kicks one over it will be in my carpet. The bathroom is attached to his room, less than eight feet away. He took out doughnuts from a drawer in his captain's bed, which was open and I could see all kinds of snacks in there (no food is allowed in the bedroom) and was watching TV without a care in the world. Clean clothes that were placed on a table in his room on Sunday were still not put away, soda cans were lying on the floor and the playpen for the dog smelled like urine.I went off, telling him that â€Å"l can't do this anymore; you don't help me take care of the house and tot even yourself. You are lazy, stupid, and hateful, you don't clean up after yourself or even clean yourself and I feel like I am losing control. † I start to cry, continue screaming, waving my hands and he just looks at me like a deer caught in head lights and occasionally throws some curse words my way. Slam his door and go sit on the couc h to calm down. He doesn't come out of his room until I go upstairs and we avoid each other the rest of the day.Intensity a 3 and lasted 9 minutes. Thursday 11/13 (7:15-726 a. M. ) Milk is left out all night again and ice cream is melted all over my counter again. Constant occurrence despite putting up signs in bright yellow and orange in the kitchen to put away food in the freezer or refrigerator when finished with it. I have addressed this more times than I can count over the last three years. I went into his room, turned on the light and began to ask him if he was just stupid or if he was doing these things deliberately to tick me off. He said he wasn't trying to tick me off but just forgot.Then he said, â€Å"Here we go again, another lovely day. † I started screaming that I don't plan to have days like this, I don't want to have days like this but when you keep owing stupid things that tick me off, we will have days like this. † He told me to â€Å"shut the upâ₠¬  which made me angrier and then I told him that I wish he would go live in a home because he's driving me crazy. Then he said he was sorry, that he didn't mean it but it happens all the time and am so tired of dealing with the insanity of his progressing dementia and physical problems on top of his bipolar disorder.Unfortunately, I tell him that when I am having a tantrum, which I do realize is very unfair since he did not ask for any of these diagnoses. I pray for strength, I pray for understanding, pray for patience all of the time. Intensity was a (2) and the tantrum lasted 11 minutes. Friday 1 1/14 There Were Zero TA entrust in the observation period. Michael got up at a reasonable time, ate breakfast, took his meds, did the dishes and cleaned the kitty litter and managed to be considerate and helpful. I was very grateful today for the peace. Saturday 11/15 p. M. I yelled at Michael to get out of bed and help walk the dogs. I had been calling him since 3:45, letting him know that he needed to get dressed to help. I screamed at him to get out of bed and move his butt and help me. I said, â€Å"You stay in bed all day without a care in the world and need some alp. You did no chores today and need you to get up, get dressed and stop pretending that you are my child. I am sick of having to ask you every day for help when you know what needs to get done. NOW GET UP!! † He did get up begrudgingly, as if was annoying him. Intensity was a (2) and the tantrum lasted 5 minutes.Saturday 11/15 (6:40-7:20 p. M. ) I was in a great deal of pain from the car accident on Monday, November 1 20th and Michael came in asking me what was making for dinner. Was lying on the couch with an icepack on my shoulder and a heating pad on my back. I told him that he loud have to fix himself something tonight because was so sore from getting a chiropractic adjustment. He started to complain that there was nothing to eat (there was plenty to eat, just nothing he wanted to make). All this time he did not come out to ask me if I wanted or needed anything so I threw a full blown tantrum.I started screaming at him, â€Å"Are you stupid, do you not see the heating pad and ice pack? Do you not realize was in a car accident and could have been killed? Can't you do something for me for once? † My voice rose to the level that I believe the people down the block could have heard me. I got myself Off the couch and actually got in his face (l would like to believe it was the pain killers I was on but I have reacted like this in the past when I was over tired or not feeling good) and continued to scream how useless he was and that he needed to find another place to live.He just looks at me and goes â€Å"blah, blah, blah, I'm not going anywhere,† and then I accelerate into psycho mode telling him that can't take the fact that when I am sick he will do nothing for me but the rest of the time do everything for him. I am not rational at this moment because i f I was, I would realize that am wasting my breath. The more he acts like he doesn't care that look like a lunatic, waving my arms and distorting my face into something scary, the more I realize it is hopeless and start to cry.He went back to his room to brood and I go feeling more exhausted and with a pounding headache go back to my heating pad and ice pack and fume. Second time was five minutes with an intensity of 2 Sunday 11/16 wage out for breakfast at Waffle House before going to church. There are no expectations on Sunday, except for him to accompany me to breakfast and church, which he does willingly without incident. He is always good on Sundays, which makes me believe he knows what he is doing. We come home, read the paper, and have a nice meal around 3:00, he goes in his room and I either go visiting or have visitors and the day is quiet. It's amazing.Monday†¦.. 11/17 7:30-7:52 a. M. Starting my week off, come downstairs only to find all the lunch meat out on the cou nter, the mayonnaise left open and out on the counter with several dishes, crumbs everywhere and the coffee machine was left on all night. From the kitchen I yell, â€Å"Michael, get in here now! † No response from him. I yell again, â€Å"Michael get up and get in here right now! † He yells back, â€Å"What did I do now? Can't you just leave me the alone? ‘ To which really start screaming, â€Å"Can't I just have one day, just one (forgetting that I had yesterday), what the heck is wrong with you, are you trying to drive me crazy? I start putting stuff away and throwing stuff away, deliberately making as much noise as possible because am now waist deep in a tantrum. Am throwing my hands up scream at how stupid he is and that he doesn't care about money or how hard I work, that he just is passive aggressive because he is sick and has no one else to take it out on. I could actually record these tantrums and just hit play because the words are always the same wh en am at a level (intensity) 3. He starts telling me to â€Å"go myself and in turn become louder and more insulting myself.The only reason this tantrum ends is because I have to get ready for work and want to get out of the house and away from him as quick as possible. Still, I managed to rant for twenty-two minutes before finally crying and breaking down. Intensity-3, Minutes 22 Tuesday 11/18 Everything was quiet today. Michael got up and we both apologized to each other about last night. After a really bad tantrum both of us realize that things have gotten out of intro and both of us try harder to get along. Zero tantrums today.

PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH HYPTHESIS Essays - Statistical Inference

PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH HYPTHESIS Essays - Statistical Inference PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH HYPTHESIS Business PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH HYPTHESIS In this assignment, we will attempt to study the effects that difference in Income Ratio (henceforth known as I.R.) between the years 1980 and 1990 have on the Productivity Growth (P.G.) during the same period of time. The Income Ratio of one specific year can be found if we take the average income of the richest faction of a country (the richest 20% of the population) and divide it by that of the poorest faction (the poorest 20%). In this assignment, the Income Ratios that were used were those of 13 different countries. The I.R.'s on both 1980 and 1990 were taken for all these countries and, to find the difference between them, the I.R. for 1990 was divided by the I.R. for 1980, for each country. These new numbers illustrate the change of I.R. between the two years so that we can compare how the P.G. changes in relation to the changes in the I.R.. On this assignment, we use inductive reasoning to examine the data and find a theory (a hypothesis) that would combine the data given in a way that would make sense, based solely on our data. How do we know if the "theory" that we formulate makes sense? In this case we will plot the points (derived from the column "I.R. 1990/1980," going on the x-axis, and the column "Productivity Growth 79-90," on the y-axis). According to how the points are on the graph in relation to the Average Point (0.94,1.45) (point that is an average of all values and which divides the graph into four Quadrants), if 80% of these points are where they would be expected to be to conform to the hypothesis, then there is no reason to reject this hypothesis. If, on the other hand, the majority of the points does not conform to our hypothesis (are not where they were predicted to be), then it is rejected. Another method of reasoning frequently used by Mainstream economists is "deductive knowledge," as opposed to "inductive," described above. Their theory is formulated and only then it is applied to the data. Their theory on this subject suggests that productivity within a country grows when the population has incentives to work harder (or to work more). When the gap between rich and poor increases (an increase in I.R. form 1980-90, resulting in a larger ratio on the column I.R. 1990/1980), so does the population's eagerness to work, therefore increasing the Productivity Growth. Since when one variable goes up the other also goes up, there is a positive (or direct) correlation between the two. Mainstream economists use deductive reasoning to deduce that there exists a positive correlation between the two factors. In short, their hypothesis is that when the Income Ratio increases, the Productivity Growth also increases, since people are more motivated. For this to be true, we would expect a line going up and to the right on the graph, passing by Quadrants II and IV. Most points (80% or more) would have to be on these two Quadrants. This, however, is not the case (see graph), since only about 30.77% of the points plotted satisfy these conditions. Since the original hypothesis was rejected, we might want to see if there is a negative correlation between the two variables (that is, as one goes up, the other goes down). Our new hypothesis would then be "as the Income Ratio increases, the Productivity Growth decreases." Then, in the case of a high I.R., people in lower classes would rationally start to feel insecure and that their work is not being recognized by society, therefore losing motivation and producing less. In this case, since there's a negative correlation, one would expect the line on the graph to go downwards, from left to right, passing on Quadrants I and III. If this hypothesis were valid, 80%+ of the points would have to be on these Quadrants. This is also not the case, for only 69.32% of the points are on the appropriate Quadrants. Like the first, this second hypothesis also has to be rejected. After analyzing these two relationships and seeing that neither is valid, we conclude that there is no direct relationship between the two variables tested. That does not mean that one has no effect on the other (it probably does), only that there may be other factors and influences involved that have not been accounted for in this assignment and that one is not the only factor responsible for the changes in the other. DATA SHEET

The Economic Performance of the UAE

The Economic Performance of the UAE The aim of this paper was to analyze the economic performance of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In particular, the paper focused on the effect of the decline in economic growth rate in 2012 and the fiscal policy that can be implemented to boost economic growth. The IMF predicted a reduction in economic growth of the country from 4.9% in 2011 to 2.3% in 2012. The country’s limited capacity to increase oil production is one of the factors that were expected to cause the decline in economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Economic Performance of the United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The findings of this paper indicate that the reduction of economic growth rate would reduce the country’s real output and increase unemployment in the long-run. Consequently, the government should implement an expansionary fiscal policy in order to stimulate economic growth. Moreover, the gover nment should focus on controlling the inflation and the crowding-out effect associated with expansionary fiscal policy. Summary of the Article According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the expansion rate of the economy of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was expected to reduce from 4.9% in 2011 to 2.3% in 2012. The reduction was attributed to the country’s inability to increase its oil production. Nonetheless, the economy was expected to maintain its recovery. The 2009-2010 Dubai debt crisis adversely affected the country’s property industry. Consequently, Dubai World, which is a state-owned corporation, had to restructure its debts that were worth twenty five billion dollars. Nonetheless, the country was able to survive the crisis due to favorable oil prices and improved trade with Asia. According to the IMF, the uncertainty of the performance of the world economy was a threat to UAE’s forecasted growth. Concisely, continued decline in the performance o f the world economy would limit the ability of UAE’s state-owned corporations to replace their maturing debts with new ones. Despite the efforts made to restructure the debts, most state-owned corporations still required high refinancing. The IMF also believed that the government’s decision to consolidate fiscal policy was right. Explanation of the Article based on AD-AS Model The economy of the UAE as described in the article can be explained in the framework of the aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) model. The model is made of up of three curves namely, the â€Å"aggregate demand curve (AD), the short run aggregate supply curve (SAS) and the long run supply curve (LAS)† (Rossana 81). Figure 1 shows the short run equilibrium of the economy of the UAE. Aggregate demand includes consumption by private economic entities, investments, government expenditure, and net exports (Chamberlin, Linda and Yueh 241). In this regard, the factors that will cause a shift in the AD curve of UAE’s economy include foreign income, income distribution, and fiscal policy, as well as, anticipations concerning future output and prices.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Foreign income refers to the income earned in UAE’s major trading partners such as the United States of America, Europe, and Asian countries. According to the article, the recovery of the global economy is uncertain. This implies that foreign income will reduce if the global economy continues to deteriorate. Thus, the demand for UAE’s exports such as oil will reduce. As a result, the earnings of UAE’s exporting firms will decrease. This partly explains why the state-linked firms will not be able to rollover their debts if the performance of the global economy worsens. Overall, the decline in foreign income will cause the AD curve to shift to the left from AD0 to AD1, thereby reducing real output from Y0 to Y1. Following IMF’s prediction of economic decline, producers expect demand for their products to reduce in future. Thus, they will reduce investments and production in order to avoid the losses associated with high variable costs and low demand (Rossana 126). Similarly, consumers will associate the expected economic decline with reduced future earnings. Thus, they are likely to reduce consumption in order to save for the future. Consequently, the AD curve will shift to the left from AD0 to AD1, whereas real output will reduce from Y0 to Y1. As firms reduce investments and production in response to the expected economic decline, the â€Å"distribution of income from profit earners to wage earners is likely to worsen† (Minford and Peel 329). Generally, wage earners allocate a larger portion of their income to consumption than profit earners. Thus, allocation of income in favor of profit earners rather th an wage earners will move the AD curve to the left. Finally, the government’s plan to consolidate fiscal policy is likely to involve a reduction in public expenditure. This will lower aggregate demand, thereby shifting the AD curve to the left. The SAS illustrates the response of prices and real output to changes in aggregate demand in the short run (Romer 415). UAE’s short run supply curve will shift due to changes in productivity. The expected economic decline will lead to reduced productivity, thereby shifting the SAS curve in figure 2 to the left from SAS0 to SAS1.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Economic Performance of the United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, real output will reduce from Y0 to Y1. If the global economy continues to deteriorate, the prices of UAE’s exports will decline. This will discourage production among exporters, thereby reducing aggr egate supply. Thus, the SAS curve will shift to the left. The expected decline in economic growth will cause the aggregate supply curve and the aggregate demand curve to shift to the left. These shifts are associated with a reduction in real output from Y0 to Y1. As a result, the short run equilibrium of the country’s economy will shift from E0 to E1. Description of the Economic Situation of the Market The expected decline in economic growth will affect both the goods and factor markets. In the goods market, the economic decline can have positive effects for consumers. This is because inflation usually declines when economic growth reduces (Rossana 112). Concisely, economic decline reduces demand for goods and services. Thus, producers and sellers are likely to reduce the prices of their products in order to stimulate demand and to clear their stock of manufactured goods, thereby reducing inflation. In this case, the consumers will have a higher purchasing power than they had before the reduction of the prices. On the contrary, the price reductions will affect the producers negatively. This is because it will reduce their profit margins. In addition, some producers might sell their goods at a loss. The expected economic decline will also affect prices in the factor market. As profits reduce, companies are likely to implement cost-cutting measures such as reducing their workforce. Moreover, companies are likely to reduce their investments in new equipment or borrowing in order to expand their operations (Minford and Peel 215). In this regard, factor prices will fall. For example, wage rates are likely to reduce as companies layoff their employees. Similarly, interest rates, which is the cost of financial capital is likely to reduce as demand for loans declines. The reduction in factor prices will benefit producers by lowering their costs of production. Nonetheless, it will negatively affect suppliers of factors of production. For example, low wage rates will reduce workers’ disposable income and purchasing power. The Right Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy refers to the use of â€Å"government expenditure, taxation, and borrowing to influence the level of aggregate demand, output, and jobs in an economy† (Chamberlin, Linda and Yueh 197). Fiscal policy enables the government to influence the pattern of expenditure and income distribution in its economy.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Keynesians believe that fiscal policy has a great impact on consumption, productivity, and job creation in an economy that has an excess capacity. Thus, the government of the UAE should implement an expansionary fiscal policy in order to prevent a recession. An expansionary fiscal policy refers to â€Å"the increase in government expenditure and or a decrease in taxes that usually results into an increase in budget deficit or a reduction in budget surplus† (Chamberlin, Linda and Yueh 210). Justification for Implementing Expansionary Fiscal Policy An expansionary fiscal policy should be implemented because it will enable the government to reverse the economic decline. Concisely, the policy will spur economic growth by stimulating consumption and demand. The unemployment rate in the UAE increased from 3% in 2008 to 4.2% in 2012 (Nyarko 4-15). On the contrary, the country’s inflation rate was as low as 0.7% in 2012. The increase in unemployment rate, low inflation, and the expected reduction in GDP growth suggest that the economy is operating below its potential output. The government can push the country’s real output back to its near potential level by implementing an expansionary fiscal policy that involves an increase in public spending. Government â€Å"expenditure is one of the components of aggregate demand† (Rossana 47). Thus increasing it will result into an increase in aggregate demand. Figure 3 shows the effect of an expansionary fiscal policy on real output. According to figure 3, a rise in aggregate demand due to an increase in spending by the government will move the AD curve to the right from AD0 to AD1. Consequently, the country’s real output will increase from Y0 to Yp. In this case, Yp is the potential output. As the economy moves towards its potential output, the rate of GDP growth is likely to increase. How the Expansionary Fiscal Policy will affect the Economy First, the policy will lead to increased e conomic growth, thereby improving earnings in the private and public sector. Concisely, firms are likely to increase investments and to employ more people in order to increase their production in response to the expected increase in aggregate demand (Rossana 233). In this regard, increased productivity will raise firm profits and the incomes earned by workers. The government can also create employment through the expansionary fiscal policy. For example, it can create thousands of jobs in the construction industry by constructing new roads and schools. Second, an expansionary fiscal policy is likely to be inflationary. Figure 3 shows that prices will increase from P0 to P1 as real output increases after the implementation of the expansionary fiscal policy. A sharp increase in inflation is not desirable because it will reverse the benefits of the economic growth. Concisely, a high inflation reduces consumers’ purchasing power. Thus, aggregate demand will reduce if wages are not raised in response to the increase in inflation (Minford and Peel 316). Similarly, a high inflation will raise the prices of inputs, thereby increasing production costs. If the producers are able to pass the high costs of production to consumers, the prices of various goods and services will increase, thereby reducing demand. However, producers will have to absorb the high costs of production if they cannot share them with the consumers. In this case, firm profits will reduce in response to the high production costs. Nonetheless, the inflationary effect is not likely to be severe because the country’s inflation in 2012 was less than 1% (World Bank). Countries can increase their economic growth rate and create employment as long as they maintain a single digit inflation rate (Rossana 102). Thus, the inflation associated with the expansionary fiscal policy is not likely to be detrimental if it is less than 10%. Third, the expansionary fiscal policy is likely to increase UAEâ⠂¬â„¢s public debt if it is financed through borrowing. In 2012, the country’s public debt as a percentage of its GDP was 40%. Thus, the country is likely to fall into a debt trap if it continues to increase its public debt. A debt trap is a situation in which the government has to borrow in order to pay the interests charged on its existing debts. Countries that have fallen into debt traps often have poor credit ratings due to their limited ability to repay their loans. Thus, a low credit rating will limit the country’s ability to access capital from foreign lenders such as the IMF. High public debt is also not desirable because it involves a redistribution of income from taxpayers to holders of government debt securities (Romer 516). In this regard, it is likely to redistribute income from low-income earners who pay taxes to the rich who invest in government bonds. This is because the interests on government bonds are paid through taxes. Fourth, an expansionary fisca l policy is likely to have a crowding-out effect in the economy if it is implemented through a large deficit spending. In this case, the government will have to borrow a large amount of financial capital from the public in order to implement the policy. Conceptually, the government will be competing with private firms for capital. Consequently, interest rates will increase, thereby limiting the ability of private firms to access credit through the financial and capital markets. The government will have to increase taxes in order to repay the funds borrowed from the public. High taxes in the medium run will reduce consumers’ disposable income (Minford and Peel 117). The resulting reduction in consumption and demand, as well as, limited access to capital will lead to reduced investments. Thus, economic growth will decline. The Fiscal Policy Tools The tools that should be used to implement expansionary fiscal policy are increased government spending and tax cuts. Increased gover nment expenditure can be implemented in the following was. First, the government can increase its transfer payments. This involves increasing expenditure on social security programs such as unemployment benefit, state pension, and grants to students. Transfer payments ensure that every citizen has access to some minimum regular income (Minford and Peel 391). Transfer payments will improve the purchasing power of the poor, thereby increasing aggregate demand and economic growth. Second, the government can expand its current budget on recurrent expenditure. This involves increasing expenditure on public goods such as education and health care. In this regard, the government can increase employment in the education and health sector by hiring more teachers and nurses respectively. Additionally, the government can improve the salaries of workers in the sectors that provide public goods. Provision of public goods also involves expenditure on consumables such as stationery. Thus, aggregat e demand is likely to increase as the government increases its expenditure on public goods. This will lead to improved economic growth. Finally, government expenditure can be increased through capital spending. This involves increasing investments on infrastructure such roads, schools, and hospitals. Capital spending has a great effect on aggregate demand and supply because it stimulates high consumption. For example, construction of new roads will increase demand in the industries that supply construction materials. In addition, construction projects usually create thousands of employment opportunities. This will help the country to address the problem of persistent unemployment. Taxes can be direct or indirect. Direct taxes are charged on employment income and profits. Indirect taxes are levied on spending. They include value added tax (VAT) and excise duties on goods such as petrol. Most residents of the UAE do not pay personal income tax. Nonetheless, corporate tax is charged in most of the emirates. For example, nearly all companies in Dubai pay taxes on their earnings. In Dubai, corporate tax can be as high as 55% (Nyarko 4-15). Generally, most emirates levy corporate taxes on foreign oil companies, petrochemical firms, and foreign banks. These companies pay up to 55% of their operating profits as income tax to the government. Even though most residents of the UAE are exempted from income tax, they usually pay several indirect taxes. For example, municipal taxes of between 5% and 10% are usually levied on revenue generated from entertainment services, hotel operations, and commercial premises (Nyarko 4-15). In addition, most imported goods are subject to an import duty of up to 5%. Thus, the government can still implement the expansionary fiscal policy by reducing indirect taxes that are levied on consumption. For example, a reduction of taxes on entertainment and hotel rooms can lower the cost of staying in hotels. Consequently, hotel occupancy will inc rease, thereby raising the income of hotel owners and securing jobs in the hotel and restaurant industry. In addition, the government can reduce the corporate taxes that are paid by foreign oil and bank companies in order to improve their earnings. Lower taxes will enable these companies to allocate a better part of their earnings to investments rather than paying taxes. This will increase their productivity, thereby promoting economic growth. Impact of the Fiscal Policy Tools in the Economy Increased Government Expenditure Increased government spending will benefit the economy in the following ways. First, capital spending will lead to an increase in the total assets of the state. In particular, it will lead to expansion of the infrastructure that is necessary for the growth of businesses in the country. For example, the expansion of roads and railway systems will improve efficiency in transportation. The resulting reduction in the cost of transportation will reduce the overall cos t of producing goods and services in the economy. According to figure 4, a reduction in the cost of production shifts the aggregate supply curve downwards, thereby increasing real output from Y1 to Y2. This shows that investments on infrastructure that support economic activities will lead to high economic growth. Furthermore, foreign direct investments are likely to increase if capital spending is used to expand the country’s infrastructure. For example, more airlines are likely to operate form Dubai if its airport is expanded. This will create more jobs and spur economic growth through increased consumption. Second, provision of public goods and services such as education and health care will have positive supply-side effects in the economy by improving the quality of the country’s human capital. For example, funding higher education through grants to students will enable more people to improve their technical skills. People with high academic qualifications are like ly to be highly productive because they have the knowledge and skills that are necessary for achieving innovation (Al-Khateeb, Darrat and Elkhal 297-306). Similarly, spending on youth apprenticeship programs will enable fresh graduates to gain adequate job experience, thereby improving their employability. Concisely, it will enable the government to improve the competitiveness of the youth in the job market in order to reduce unemployment in the country. Similarly, expenditure in the health care sector will improve the health status of the citizens, thereby improving their productivity. Third, expanding social safety net programs is an effective way of improving the incomes of the poorest people in the country. By 2012, nearly 10% of the population of the United Arab Emirates was living in poverty (World Bank). Improving the income of the population living in poverty through transfer payments will boost consumption. The resulting increase in demand for goods and services will encour age producers to increase their output through new investments. Transfer payments are also a means of income and wealth redistribution in the economy. This is because transfer payment programs are financed through taxes, which are often paid by the rich. The benefit of redistributing income from the rich to the poor is that it enhances equality in the economy. Additionally, reducing income disparity reduces the chances of social unrests, which can hinder productivity and economic growth. Tax Cuts Tax cuts will affect the economy in the following ways. To begin with, reducing corporate tax will enhance investment in the economy. The oil and gas sector contributes approximately 31.3% of the GDP of the United Arab Emirates (Nyarko 4-15). Nonetheless, companies in this industry, especially, the foreign ones pay nearly 55% of their operating profits as taxes. This reduces the amount of funds that firms in the industry can allocate to investments and expansion. According to the article, r educed production in the oil and gas industry is one the factors that were expected to slow the country’s economic growth. However, productivity in the industry can be improved by lowering taxes in order to enable firms to allocate a large portion of their earnings to investments. For instance, firms in the industry can focus on oil exploration, thereby increasing the country’s oil and gas output. Any small increase in productivity in the oil and gas industry is likely to have a great multiplier effect in the economy. This is because the industry employs thousands of people and supplies oil, which is the main source of energy for production in the country. Lowering taxes is also likely to attract foreign direct investments in the country. Foreign investors often invest in countries that provide tax incentives so that they can improve their earnings. An increase in foreign direct investments will have a powerful demand-side effect in the economy. Concisely, the consumpt ions associated with new investments by foreign investors will increase the demand for various goods and services in the economy. The increase in demand will encourage producers to increase their output, thereby increasing the country’s GDP (Rossana 88). Finally, reducing the level of compulsory pension contribution will improve the purchasing power of the citizens. Concisely, a reduction of the compulsory contributions will enable the citizens to have a high disposable income, which will enable them to purchase more goods and services. Impact on Macroeconomic Indicators The article highlights three important macroeconomic factors, which have implications for the country. These include the expected reduction in GDP growth, planned fiscal consolidation, and uncertain performance of the world economy and financial markets. These factors will affect the country’s unemployment and output in the following ways. Output The forecasted reduction in economic growth means that t he country’s output (measured by GDP) expanded at a slower rate in 2012 than in the previous year. Expectations concerning future decline in economic activity usually influence production decisions. Producers and investors associate a reduction in the rate of economic growth with a decline in profits or corporate earnings (Romer 477). Thus, they are likely to reduce their output in response to the expected decline in demand as the economy slows down. In this regard, expectations of a decline in future earnings will lower the country’s output. The country’s output is also likely to decline if the global economic environment continues to deteriorate. Concisely, poor performance of the world economy will reduce the demand for the country’s main exports such as oil. Thus, UAE’s exporters will reduce their output in response to the low demand for their products. Similarly, uncertainty in the global financial environment will limit the ability of UAEâ₠¬â„¢s firms to access credit from foreign markets. This will limit investments and reduce the country’s output. Fiscal consolidation involves implementing strategies that enable the government to reduce its budget deficit and overall public debt (Rossana 121). Thus, fiscal consolidation involves a reduction in public spending by the government. Reducing government expenditure is essentially a contractionary fiscal policy. According to figure 5, a reduction in government spending will cause a shift in the aggregate demand curve to the left, thereby reducing real output from Y0 to Y1. Thus, fiscal consolidation is likely to reduce the country’s output. Unemployment Unemployment is a lagging macroeconomic indicator because it usually takes time to respond to a change in GDP growth. Thus, the country’s unemployment rate may not change significantly in the short run as the economy slows down. Reducing the workforce in response to falling demand and hiring new employe es as economic activity improves usually involves high costs. Thus, firms are likely to retain their employees in the short run even if the rate of GDP growth is reducing. In this case, the unemployment rate may not increase by a big margin. Okun’s law suggests a negative long run relationship between unemployment and GDP growth (Chamberlin, Linda and Yueh 245). Thus, if the country’s economic decline persists for a long time, unemployment rate will increase. This is because firms will opt to reduce their workforce in order to avoid high fixed costs. According to Okun’s law, the rate at which new jobs are created depends on the rate of GDP growth. Thus, a reduction in the growth of the country’s GDP will slow the rate at which new jobs are created. Hence, the problem of high unemployment will persist. Conclusion The IMF expected the rate of GDP growth in the UAE to decline from 4.9% in 2011 to 2.3% in 2012. This decline was attributed to the countryâ€⠄¢s limited capacity to increase oil production and uncertain global economic environment. The country’s government can stimulate economic growth by implementing an expansionary fiscal policy. In particular, it should increase public spending and reduce taxes. An expansionary fiscal policy is appropriate because the country has a low inflation rate, whereas its unemployment rate is high. Additionally, the policy will stimulate demand, thereby increasing the rate of GDP growth. Nonetheless, an expansionary fiscal policy is likely to be inflationary. Moreover, it can crowd-out investments in the private sector and increase public debt if it is financed through large-scale borrowing. In this regard, the government should also implement policies that will prevent high inflation and the crowding-out effect. Appendix Figure 1: AD-AS Model (shift in AD curve) Figure 2: AD-AS Model (shift in SAS curve) Figure 3: Effect of expansionary fiscal policy Figure 4: Effect of reduced prod uction costs Figure 5: effect of fiscal consolidation Al-Khateeb, Faisal, Ali Darrat and Khaled Elkhal. The UAE Growth Surge: Have Information Technology and Human Capital Contributed? Studies in Economics adn Finance 24.4 (2007): 297-306. Print. Chamberlin, Graeme, Linda Linda and Yi-Chuang Yueh. Macroeconomics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print. Minford, Patrick and David Peel. Advanced Macroeconomics. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2002. Print. Nyarko, Yaw. The United Arab Emirates. Business. New York: UNU-WIDER, 2013. Print. Romer, David. Advanced Macroeconomics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print. Rossana, Robert. Macroeconomics. London: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. World Bank. UAE Economic Indicators. World Bank Group, 31 Dec. 2012. Web.

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critical thinking - Essay Example Concerning this, even if the government raises tax for cigarettes, the consumption or demand of them is still higher. The only way therefore in order to control smoking is to do a move that would discourage production and sale of cigarettes. Regarding this point, it makes sense that production and sale of cigarettes should be made illegal. Smoking is perhaps for some is one of the coolest things a person could do in his entire life. For sure, the reason why some teenagers go take into the plunge to smoke is due to social influence. It always starts this way; not even including how a smoker might convince a non-smoker to go a try for it. However, due to human curiosity, there are seemingly wonderful things about smoking that one could link to it. Without question, there must be wonderful feeling or benefits linked to smoking, which particularly has become the major point why there are still many people who smoke and continue to do so even if they already knew the health hazards associ ated to it. Some of them are becoming dependent on smoking, that their life for the day would not be completed without puffing a smoke. The idea therefore of putting a legal act against cigarette production and distribution may sound of a discomfort to those who have become so dependent on smoking. ... Although at certain level, those who would stand against the government’s control of production and distribution of cigarettes may have a point of opposing this policy, there is still much point to consider why it is important to take into account the production and sale of cigarettes as illegal activities. Here are the following rationale why it is necessary to put a legal action against the production and sale of cigarettes. The health of the nation is a very important concern of the government. Every year, the US government spends a remarkable amount of money for health care alone and other relevant expenses (Chisolm, 2008). The point is that we see that the government is always concerned of ensuring protection and welfare of the public, allowing it to guarantee that everybody is protected by emancipating laws and policies. Since cigarettes have negative impacts on the human health, their ultimate contribution therefore is to possibly increase the country’s health ca re expense and even mortality rate. Cigarettes kill. The reason they could kill is because of the high level of toxicity in some components in them (Shirazi & Guinet, 2006, p.167; Mortaz, Henricks, Givi & Folkerts, 2011, p.1104; Ward, Berenson & Breitkopf, 2011, p.213.e1). This simply means that cigarettes could not be far from potential harmful chemicals used by criminals to annihilate their subjects’ lives. Just as criminals are confined behind bars for committing crimes associated with killing particularly poisoning their targets, manufacturing cigarettes that in the end would just result to the harm of one’s life may simply be a form of crime in that same sense. Try to figure out that cigarettes are found

Macro Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Macro Economics - Assignment Example The ECB is thinking of buying corporate bonds as an option if it believes that more measures are needed to increase money into the European economy. Though such an idea does not seem to be imminent, investors snapped up stocks and sold the euro based on ECB’s thinking. Investors are moved by signs that ECB is considering more policy measures to increase money in the European economy if current measures such as low interest rates, new bank lending facility as well as a program to buy particular types of debts fail to boost economic growth and inflation. France’s CAC 40 went up by 2.3 percent and Germany’s DA rose by 1.9 percent. In the same vein, Spanish stock rose by 2.4 percent and Italian stock went up by 2.8 percent. The ECB’s current initiatives are geared toward adding money supply to the economy by increasing the amount of assets on its books. ECB creates new bank reserves by printing money to purchase assets. The graph below shows there is a decrease in money supplied in the European economy. The European Central Bank (ECB) has to put into play policy measures that will move the graph to the right as shown by the arrow. These measures include low interest rates, buying of corporate bonds as well as new bank lending facility which will add money to the economy and push the graph to the right in order to boost economic growth and inflation. The nominal interest rate must decrease to encourage the demand for money back to the equilibrium. It is worth to note that an decrease in the nominal interest rate will decrease the demand for savings and so increase the demand for money. Cox, Josie and Blackstone, Brian. â€Å"European Stocks Jump as ECB Mulls Buying Corporate Bonds† http://online.wsj.com/articles/european-stock-markets-edge-higher 1413878920?mod=WSJ_hp_LEFTWhatsNewsCollection (accessed October 21,